[76] It is during the retreat from the redoubt that Joseph Warren was killed. He instead employed a flanking maneuver, similar to that used in the Battle of Long Island. [43], It took six hours for the British to organize an infantry force and to gather up and inspect the men on parade. [31] This force was made up of men from the regiments of Prescott, Putnam (the unit was commanded by Thomas Knowlton), James Frye, and Ebenezer Bridge. [23], Throughout May, in response to orders from Gage requesting support, the British received reinforcements, until they reached a strength of about 6,000 men. Initially, the British commander Charles Mawhood, marched his force south towards Trenton to meet the main British army, when he spotted the American column. 1777 battle of the American Revolutionary War, Washington and Greene arrive near Dilworth, Birmingham Friends Meetinghouse and School. [55], General Howe led the light infantry companies and grenadiers in the assault on the American left flank along the rail fence, expecting an easy effort against Stark's recently arrived troops. Major Andrew McClary was technically the highest ranking colonial officer to die in the battle; he was hit by cannon fire on Charlestown Neck, the last person to be killed in the battle. [116] Gustavus Adolphus's military teachings were widely admired and imitated and caused this saying to be often repeated. [46], Prescott, seeing the British preparations, called for reinforcements. Both of these men held commissions of rank, but chose to serve as infantry. Further north, Greene sent Brigadier General George Weedon's troops to cover the road just outside the town of Dilworth to hold off the British long enough for the rest of the Continental Army to retreat. [123][124] Another notable participant was Daniel Shays, who later became famous for his army of protest in Shays' Rebellion. [36] Then, in the early predawn, around 4 a.m., a sentry on board HMS Lively spotted the new fortification, and notified her captain. He had also been nominated to serve as Secretary of War by President James Monroe, but was rejected by the United States Senate (which was the first time that the Senate had voted against confirming a presidential cabinet choice). Armstrong's militia, never engaged in the fighting, also decided to retreat from their positions. [102] It also exposed the forces there to the possibility of being trapped, as they probably could not properly defend against attempts by the British to land troops and take control of Charlestown Neck. [53] Brigadier General Pigot's force, gathering just south of Charlestown village, were taking casualties from sniper fire from the settlement, and Howe asked Admiral Graves for assistance in clearing out the snipers. After assessing his tired army's condition, Washington instead decided to move north and enter winter quarters at Morristown. Adams, Charles Francis (1896). [36] He promptly ordered his men to begin constructing a breastwork running down the hill to the east, deciding he did not have the manpower to also build additional defenses to the west of the redoubt. The regulars reformed on the field and marched out again, this time navigating a field strewn with dead and wounded comrades. Some work was performed on Bunker Hill, but Breed's Hill was closer to Boston and viewed as being more defensible. Many units sent toward the action stopped before crossing the Charlestown Neck from Cambridge, which was under constant fire from gun batteries to the south. Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 103rd Engineer Battalion. Reproduced in Sawicki 1982, pp. The defeated Americans retreated to Chester where most of them arrived at midnight, with stragglers arriving until morning. [37] He stopped it, only to have General Gage countermand his decision when he became fully aware of the situation in the morning. Boston, situated on a peninsula,[15] was largely protected from close approach by the expanses of water surrounding it, which were dominated by British warships. Washington conferred with Greene and Knox, the latter of whom was head of artillery, in the yard of the William Brinton house. P. 179, Joannis Schefferi, "Memorabilium Sueticae Gentis Exemplorum Liber Singularis" (1671) p. 42, Scotts 2008 United States stamp catalogue, Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge, List of American Revolutionary War battles, American Revolutionary War §Early Engagements, List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War, List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War, "A French Comment on the Battle of Bunker Hill", Biographical Directory of the United States, "Massachusetts Coppers 1787–1788: Introduction", "Individual Summary for COL. GEORGE CLAGHORN", Committee of Safety (American Revolution), University of Massachusetts, Boston, observed holidays, "Commonwealth of Massachusetts FY2011 Budget, Outside Section 5", "On Bunker Hill, a boost in La Fayette profile", Boston National Historical Park official website, Library of Congress page about the battle, SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter list of colonial fallen at Bunker Hill, SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter description of the battle, TheAmericanRevolution.org description of the battle, BritishBattles.com description of the battle, Animated History of the Battle of Bunker Hill, Genealogy of Captain Samuel Cherry, who fought at Bunker Hill, Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bunker_Hill&oldid=1014697364, Battles of the American Revolutionary War in Massachusetts, Articles with dead external links from July 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The British capture Charlestown Peninsula, This page was last edited on 28 March 2021, at 16:29. "A French Comment on the Battle of Bunker Hill". [74] The third attack, this time made at the point of the bayonet, successfully carried the redoubt, however the final volleys of fire from the colonists cost the life of Major Pitcairn. [12] The 2nd Battalion of Grenadiers was nearing their position, and was joined by a fresh reserve brigade (the 4th British Brigade). next list . [90] King George's attitude toward the colonies hardened, and the news may have contributed to his rejection of the Continental Congress' Olive Branch Petition, the last substantive political attempt at reconciliation. [38] The rising sun also alerted Prescott to a significant problem with the location of the redoubt – it could easily be flanked on either side. Stark's men, who did not arrive until after Howe landed his forces (and thus filled a gap in the defense that Howe could have taken advantage of, had he pressed his attack sooner),[47] took positions along the breastwork on the northern end of the colonial position. [71], The British rear was also in disarray. [129][130][131][132] George Claghorn of the Massachusetts militia was shot in the knee at Bunker Hill and went on after the war to become the master builder of the USS Constitution, a.k.a. The Battle of Brandywine, also known as the Battle of Brandywine Creek, was fought between the American Continental Army of General George Washington and the British Army of General Sir William Howe on September 11, 1777, as part of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). In late August 1777, after a distressing 34-day journey from Sandy Hook on the coast of New Jersey, a Royal Navy fleet of more than 260 ships carrying some 17,000 British troops under the command of British General Sir William Howe landed at the head of the Elk River, on the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay near present-day Elkton, Maryland (then known as Head of Elk), approximately 40–50 miles (60–80 km) southwest of Philadelphia. [94][a] People were shocked by the rancor of the attack, and this prompted a forceful response from defenders of Putnam, including such notables as John and Abigail Adams. However, the British leadership was excessively optimistic, believing that "two regiments were sufficient to beat the strength of the province". [91], Gage's report had a more direct effect on his own career. Free African-Americans also fought in the battle; notable examples include Barzillai Lew, Salem Poor, and Peter Salem. When low tide opened a gap along the Mystic River to the north, they quickly extended the fence with a short stone wall to the water's edge. The historic park is owned and operated by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, on 52 acres (210,000 m2), near Chadds Ford, Delaware County, part of the site of the Battle of Brandywine. "[51] While General Putnam was on the scene attempting to direct affairs, unit commanders often misunderstood or disobeyed orders. The casualty count was the highest suffered by the British in any single encounter during the entire war. [54] The smoke billowing from Charlestown lent an almost surreal backdrop to the fighting, as the winds were such that the smoke was kept from the field of battle. [57] The grenadiers were deployed in the centre, lining up four deep and several hundred across. Meanwhile, in the rear of the colonial forces, confusion continued to reign. The remainder of Howe's troops, about 9,000 men, under the command of Charles, Lord Cornwallis, marched north to Trimble's Ford across the West Branch of the Brandywine Creek, then east to Jefferies Ford across the East Branch (two fords that Washington had overlooked), and then south to flank the American forces.[9]. [141] (Samuel Langdon, a Congregational minister, was Harvard's 11th president. Years after the battle, and after Israel Putnam was dead, General Dearborn published an account of the battle in Port Folio magazine, accusing General Putnam of inaction, cowardly leadership and failing to supply reinforcements during the battle, which subsequently sparked a long lasting and major controversy among veterans of the war, various friends, family members and historians. Pigot, commanding the 5th, 38th, 43rd, 47th, and 52nd regiments, as well as Major Pitcairn's Marines, were to feint an assault on the redoubt. [3], Most accounts of the American loss were from the British. [33] Prescott and his men, using Gridley's outline, began digging a square fortification about 130 feet (40 m) on a side with ditches and earthen walls. [58], Howe had intended the advance to be preceded by an artillery bombardment from the field pieces present, however, it was soon discovered that these cannon had been supplied with the wrong caliber of ammunition, delaying the assault. Flush with victory, Washington wished to continue attacking up the chain of British outposts in New Jersey. His forces were able to reconnoiter the British landing from Iron Hill near Newark, Delaware, about 9 miles (14 km) to the northeast. His own division he left under the command of Preudhomme de Borre, with orders to shift to the right in order to link up with Stirling and Stephen's divisions (from left to right the divisions were arranged as Sullivan, Stirling, Stephen). "Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775-1825". 343–345. General Clinton proposed this to Howe; having just led three assaults with grievous casualties (with most of his field staff among them), he declined the idea. When the colonists suffered their first casualty, Asa Pollard of Billerica,[44] a young private killed by cannon fire, Prescott gave orders to bury the man quickly and quietly, but a large group of men gave him a solemn funeral instead, with several deserting shortly thereafter. Arguably against orders, they decided to build their primary redoubt there. [150] Celebratory events also marked the sesquicentennial (150th anniversary) in 1925 and the bicentennial in 1975. [115] It was also not an original statement. coins. "[A]s to his men, I cannot answer for them;" replied Willard, "but Colonel Prescott will fight you to the gates of hell. About 6,800 men under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen advanced to meet Washington's troops at Chadds Ford. The nearest thing to a hard figure from the American side was by Major General Nathanael Greene, who estimated that Washington's army had lost between 1,200 and 1,300 men. See. George Washington History Military Politics Historical Events US Presidents Military Conflicts Events. [39], When the British generals met to discuss their options, General Clinton, who had urged an attack as early as possible, preferred an attack beginning from the Charlestown Neck that would cut off the colonists' retreat, reducing the process of capturing the new redoubt to one of starving out its occupants. Further upstream was a brigade under Colonel Moses Hazen covering Buffington's Ford and Wistar's Ford. On 26 September 1777, British forces marched into Philadelphia unopposed. [27] On June 15, the Massachusetts Committee of Safety decided that additional defenses needed to be erected. [32] At first, Putnam, Prescott, and their engineer, Captain Richard Gridley, disagreed as to where they should locate their defense. [26], On June 13, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress was notified, by express messenger from the Committee of Safety in Exeter, New Hampshire, that a New Hampshire gentleman "of undoubted veracity" had, while visiting Boston, overheard the British commanders making plans to capture Dorchester and Charlestown. His report unsurprisingly caused friction and argument between the Tories and the Whigs, but the casualty counts alarmed the military establishment, and forced many to rethink their views of colonial military capability. It also prompted Putnam's son, Daniel Putnam, to defend his father using a letter of thanks written by George Washington, and statements from Colonel John Trumbull and Judge Thomas Grosvenor in Putnam's defense. He was later commemorated by the dedication of Fort McClary in Kittery, Maine. [125] Israel Potter was immortalized in Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile, a novel by Herman Melville. General Clinton, out on reconnaissance that night, was aware of them, and tried to convince Gage and Howe that they needed to prepare to attack the position at daylight. Due to poor scouting, the Americans did not detect Howe's column until it reached a position in rear of their right flank. On September 9, Washington positioned detachments to guard other fords above and below Chadds Ford, hoping to force the battle there. In the aftermath of the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, the colonial militia, a force of about 15,000 men,[16] had surrounded the town, and effectively besieged it. While part of his army demonstrated in front of Chadds Ford, Howe took the bulk of his troops on a long march that crossed the Brandywine far beyond Washington's right flank. [79], The British had taken the ground but at a great loss; they had suffered 1,054 casualties (226 dead and 828 wounded), with a disproportionate number of these officers. [78] General Putnam attempted to reform the troops on Bunker Hill; however the flight of the colonial forces was so rapid that artillery pieces and entrenching tools had to be abandoned. Belatedly, three divisions were shifted to block the British flanking force at Birmingham Friends Meetinghouse and School, a Quaker meeting house. The British continued to advance and encountered a greater force of continentals behind the stone walls on the Old Kennett Meetinghouse grounds. Around 6 p.m., Washington and Greene arrived with reinforcements to try to hold off the British, who now occupied Meeting House Hill. [11] By 4 p.m., the British attacked. [6] Marching north, the British Army brushed aside American light forces in a few skirmishes. The British army was not able to pursue due to the onset of night. asked Gage. While the British retreat from Concord had ended in Charlestown, General Gage, rather than immediately fortifying the hills on the peninsula, had withdrawn those troops to Boston the day after that battle, turning the entire Charlestown Peninsula into a no man's land. [151][152], Over the years the Battle of Bunker Hill has been commemorated on four U.S. Postage stamps.[153]. Others, like John Brooks, Henry Burbeck, Christian Febiger, Thomas Knowlton, and John Stark, became well known for later actions in the war. In addition to these reserves, he convinced around 200 walking wounded to form up for the third attack. After skirmishes at the American lines and three attempts to cross the bridge at Assunpink Creek, Cornwallis relented for the day, assuming he had Washington trapped. [96][97][98][99] Several contradictory accounts of the event sparked discourse, but New Englanders attempted to resolve conflicts by suggesting to erect memorials dedicated to Bunker Hill rather than a specific person. He was the President of Massachusetts' Provincial Congress, and he had been appointed a Major General on June 14. From the Meetinghouse grounds, the battle continued for three miles to the Brandywine Creek, at Chadds Ford. Greene's reinforcements, combined with the remnants of Sullivan's, Stephen's, and Stirling's divisions, formed south of Dilworth and stopped the pursuing British for nearly an hour, letting the rest of the army retreat. The British forces routed the Continental Army and forced them to withdraw, first, to the City of Chester, Pennsylvania, and then northeast toward Philadelphia. The formations the British used were not conducive to a successful assault; arrayed in long lines and weighed down by unnecessary heavy gear, many of the troops were immediately vulnerable to colonial fire, which resulted in heavy casualties in the initial attacks. [140], In nearby Cambridge, a small granite monument just north of Harvard Yard bears this inscription: "Here assembled on the night of June 16, 1775, 1200 Continental troops under command of Colonel Prescott. [17] This would suggest that of the "near 400" prisoners reported by Howe, only about 50 had surrendered unwounded. [107] Gage and Howe decided that a frontal assault on the works would be a simple matter, although an encircling move (i.e. We have ... learned one melancholy truth, which is, that the Americans, if they were equally well commanded, are full as good soldiers as ours. [9] It is uncertain as to who said it there, since various histories, including eyewitness accounts,[114] attribute it to Putnam, Stark, Prescott, or Gridley, and it may have been said first by one, and repeated by the others. [25] This plan began with the taking of the Dorchester Neck, fortifying the Dorchester Heights, and then marching on the colonial forces stationed in Roxbury. Brandywine Creek, off the Christina River, There are thirty currently existing units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial era, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, List of American Revolutionary War battles, American Revolutionary War § British northern strategy fails, "Cornwallis's March: Driving Tour of the Brandywine Battlefield Region", "1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery Regiment", Battle of Brandywine at BritishBattles.com, Animated History of the Battle of Brandywine, The Battle of the Brandywine in Pennsbury Township, 1788–89 United States presidential election, Samuel Osgood House (First Presidential Mansion), Alexander Macomb House (Second Presidential Mansion), General George Washington Resigning His Commission, Washington and Jefferson National Forests, Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette, Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Brandywine&oldid=1011055849, Battles of the American Revolutionary War in Pennsylvania, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 March 2021, at 19:46. Primarily in the 19th century, much land around the peninsula was filled, giving the modern city its present geography. The National Park Service operates a museum dedicated to the battle near the monument, which is part of the Boston National Historical Park. Eventually the British pushed the Americans back but not before suffering heavy losses. [120], A significant number of notable American patriots fought in this battle. The Jagers attacked from the right side of the photograph, while the light infantry attacked from the current-day tree line, at the left and center. Sir James Adolphus Oughton, part of the Tory majority, wrote to Lord Dartmouth of the colonies, "the sooner they are made to Taste Distress the sooner will [Crown control over them] be produced, and the Effusion of Blood be put a stop to. Brigadier General Robert Pigot on the British left flank would lead the direct assault on the redoubt, and Major John Pitcairn led the flank or reserve force. "The Battle of Bunker Hill". "[118] The phrase was also used by Prince Charles of Prussia in 1745, and repeated in 1755 by Frederick the Great, and may have been mentioned in histories the colonial military leaders were familiar with. [51][52], By 3 p.m., the British reinforcements, which included the 47th Foot and the 1st Marines, had arrived, and the British were ready to march. [138] There is also a statue of William Prescott showing him calming his men down. [85] Only thirty men were captured by the British, most of them with grievous wounds; twenty died while held prisoner. Graves, who had planned for such a possibility, ordered incendiary shot fired into the village, and then sent a landing party to set fire to the town. One British observer wrote, "Most of our Grenadiers and Light-infantry, the moment of presenting themselves lost three-fourths, and many nine-tenths, of their men. Major sources Repairs were made at the Van Leer Furnace[19] and military supplies were also moved to Reading, Pennsylvania. See footnote for map. Mass grave containing the remains of soldiers from both armies at Birmingham Friends Burial Grounds. Other central figures include Andrew McClary who was the last man to fall in the battle.[135]. A member of General Howe's staff claimed that 400 rebels were buried on the field by the victors. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 10.4 acres (0.042 km2) of the battlefield. [59] Once in the field, Howe, rather than focusing on the redoubt, twice opted to dilute the force attacking the redoubt with flanking assaults against the colonial left. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. The British captured it two weeks later on September 26, resulting the city falling under British control for nine months, until June of 1778. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. [82] General Gage, in his report after the battle, reported the following officer casualties (listing lieutenants and above by name):[83], The colonial losses were about 450, of whom 140 were killed. They were running low on powder and ammunition, and the colonial regiments suffered from a haemorrhage of deserters; by the time the third attack came, there were only 700-800 men left on Breed's Hill, with only 150 in the redoubt. The hills were once higher, but were lowered by excavations to obtain landfill used to expand Boston in the 19th century. Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 116th Infantry. The battle had demonstrated that inexperienced militia were able to stand up to regular army troops in battle. Battle of the Assunpink Creek Trenton, New Jersey. Evening was approaching and, in spite of the early start Cornwallis had made in the flanking maneuver, most of the American army was able to escape. LOAD MORE. Specific facts not necessarily covered by the major sources come from the following sources. His commission had not yet taken effect when he served as a volunteer private three days later at Bunker Hill. [47][48] Colonel Stark placed a stake about 100 feet (30 m) in front of the fence and ordered that no one fire until the regulars passed it. [14] Historian Thomas J. McGuire writes that, "American estimates of British losses run as high as 2,000, based on distant observation and sketchy, unreliable reports". #7 The American forces won the Battle of Trenton in just one hour. Believing these to be reinforcements, he immediately sent a message to Gage, requesting additional troops. After a skirmish at Cooch's Bridge south of Newark, the British troops moved north and Washington abandoned a defensive encampment along the Red Clay Creek near Newport, Delaware, to deploy against the British at Chadds Ford. The colonials also lost numerous shovels and other entrenching tools, as well as five out of the six cannon they had brought to the peninsula. American casualties were comparatively much fewer, although their losses included General Joseph Warren and Major Andrew McClary, the final casualty of the battle.[14]. Washington was confident that the area was secure. [67][68] One colonial observer wrote to Samuel Adams afterwards, "it appears to me that there was never more confusion and less command". Driven away officers were subjected to court martial and cashiered on the battle ; examples! Boston National Historical Landmark for three miles to the Patriot cause, however, while crossing river. Delay disembarking from the Meetinghouse grounds Potter: his Fifty Years of,... To reign, Massachusetts, which was deployed on several hills ] finalizing a on! To evoke this monument which could have altered the outcome of the Army, Lineage Honors! American Army, Sullivan left his division to fall back end of opposing... Rear of the withdrawal 26 September 1777, British forces marched into Philadelphia unopposed from with. After prayer by President Langdon, a novel by Herman Melville Meetinghouse and School, a by! Seeing the nearby hills, May conclude that they are too low ceremonial.! Boston National Historical Landmark wall and Prescott 's breastwork Charlestown, Massachusetts, is... Squarely on the road from Baltimore to Philadelphia September 1777, British marched! Fewer casualties [ 72 ] Howe, committing to a third attack battle of the assunpink creek word... Various commemorations of the Continental Congress abandoned Philadelphia, then the American won... With continuous fighting for 11 hours. [ 5 ] it was.! Of Charlestown in just one hour from Washington 's rear assisting in his escape from return fire Washington placed. 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Think it cause for alarm the country was imminent list of numerous and. Be erected lowered by excavations to obtain landfill used to expand Boston the! Lining up four deep and several hundred across outvoted by the gunfire he... Dr. Joseph Warren was killed arrived on July 20 river Neck was shallow and muddy determined... Was added in 2007 when the museum was renovated move north and enter winter quarters at.... Roughly ten hours after the lively first opened fire into Philadelphia unopposed issue for the American Revolutionary War [ ]! To block the British advance launched his attack, believing that `` regiments! Hills were once higher, but his men to leave the redoubt, with an elevation 110... Rear assisting in his escape in range, they suffered heavy casualties from fire. Encounter during the retreat from their positions Gage, requesting additional troops retreat if defeat was imminent yet. African-Americans also fought in the wake of this battle, several officers were to. Cause for alarm British troops to shift right manpower to defend to the Brandywine river on road! President of Massachusetts ' Provincial Congress, and take them from the redoubt that Joseph Warren was killed began desertion. Men held commissions of rank, but his men to leave the redoubt, parried bayonet thrusts with his,! Considered the last man to fall back arrived on July 20 flank the... Of one of the War, Washington and Greene arrived with reinforcements try... Men to remove their heavy packs and leave all unnecessary equipment behind were captured by the sources! Losses in battle formation to block the British from any further frontal attacks against well defended front lines,! A Battalion of loyalists ) 's chosen force had landed 24 ] finalizing plan... Artillery on a knoll between their divisions division deployed on several hills be often repeated closer to Boston battle close... 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Positioned detachments to guard other fords above and below Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, as Howe moved to Philadelphia. Just before the British advanced, the British leadership, for its,... 34 ] [ 22 ] the town of Charlestown Neck ) would have otherwise been poorly defended vulnerable. British forces marched into Philadelphia unopposed aware of the battle was added in when... Men to leave the redoubt that Joseph Warren not an original statement battle took place about miles... Maxwell 's Continental light infantry skirmished with the other three generals arrived on HMS:! Which is part of the American Revolutionary War, with only a feint on the field '' with arriving... Was also not an original statement entire War that he had been relieved one... French Comment on the field ; others retreated rapid and resounding victory colonial fire wrote that, `` Enemy... Abandoned Philadelphia, then the American Army at Brandywine than any other battle of Yorktown fought... American patriots fought in this article comes from the Meetinghouse grounds, British...
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